At the Armory level, after meeting Andrew the Blacksmith, you have access to ammo and two guns at his shack. You can pick them up, trade them at the weapon shop for a "Duplet" for a 100-200 bullets profit, giving you enough money to buy the best weapons available, a suit, and load up on ammo.
Can't Find the Bomb
In 'Cursed', Artyom is tasked with destroying the tunnel and airlock where the nosalises (mutants) are spawning from.
Position yourself so Khan and the defenders are behind you for the following directions:
The bombs are at the end of the right tunnel.
Destroy the left tunnel by "using" the glowing bomb hologram on the tunnel supports at the dead end.
Destroy the airlock by going up the stairs and using the bomb holographic on the supports. The stairs are to your right (and a little forward), if you are standing with Khan and the defenders at the station's entrance.
DJ Artyom
Tasked with an S.O.S. message from "Defense", you complete this objective in "Outpost". Enter the first Nazi controlled building (the one where a Demon snatches a fleeing Nazi in a preset condition) and battle through it.
Get yourself on the upper level of that building. On the upper story, there is a hallway with three tripwire mines (and two Demons who are easily exploited for the Demon killer achievement). Navigate through the mines and check the right room at the end of the corridor. There is a ramp leading to the rooftop.
On the rooftop, you should see a pre-set corpse with a Kalashnikov. The communications apparatus is on the corner of this rooftop.
God Mode and Infinite Ammo
Alter game files at your own risk and always make backups. Navigate to the game folder, find the user.cfg file and open it in a text editor. Change the following lines and save cahnges for the desired effect.
Change g_global_god off to g_global_god on
and change g_god off to g_god on for God Mode
Change g_unlimitedammo off to g_unlimitedammo on for unlimited ammo.
Moral Choice Indicator
While there are obvious moral choices in the game (where both decisions are obvious), there are more subtle moral choices that will determine which ending (just two) you get at the end.
When choosing an action, the game world will temporarily flicker with a rust-ochre color (and you will hear faint murmuring) if you made a moral choice (good or bad).
Preventing Accidental Ammo Discharges Hand Over Fist
When pumping the Tihar (Pellet Gun) or the Hilsing (Spear Gun), you can accidentally discharge ammunition when the animation resets to "fire mode" (because the primary fire button or Right Trigger also works the air pump).
Apparently, the game doesn't tell you the Alternate Fire (or Precision Aim) also works the air lever. If you use the Alt.Fire or Left Trigger to work the air pump, you will not accidentally discharge any ammunition until you are ready (the Tihar and Hilsing only have aim-down-sight for secondary fire).
Ranger Pack DLC Achievements
Achievement
How to unlock
Air Bender
Kill 30 humans with only pneumatic weapons.
Gunman
Kill 50 enemies with the heavy automatic shotgun.
Last Man Standing
Complete the game in Ranger Mode Hardcore.
Shocking
Get 50 kills with the Volt Driver.
Sterling Effort
Kill 50 mutants with your knife.
Sticks like a bur
Kill 15 enemies using sticky grenade.
Stunning
Get 25 kills with the alternative fire of Volt Driver.
Survivor
Complete the game in Ranger Mode Easy.
Weaponsmith
Kill at least one enemy with each weapon type available in the game.
Realist Achievement
Decline the kid's offer to lead you at Riga Station to earn this secret task.
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Reference
In the Library, the two rangers accompanying you will read through the titles of several books, including one called Roadside Picnic (1977) by the Strugatsky brothers.
The book was the basis for Andrei Tarkovsky's 1979 film STALKER, which in turn was one inspiration for GSC World's 2007 videogame of a similar name: S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Shadow of Chernobyl.
Sneaking and Armored Suits
At Armory Station, before climbing into the train car, you can purchase a Sneaking Suit for 100 military cartridges from the vendor across from the Ammo Exchange.
Note that the vendor next to the Stealth Suit vendor sells an Armor Suit which will decrease the damage Artyom takes (both suits can be worn, but only the last one visibly reflected on the body model).
At Polis, a vendor next to the Ammo Exchange sells a similar Armor Suit (same price as the other suits).
Steam Achievements
Complete the following tasks to unlock the corresponding achievement. To view your achievements and stats in Steam, select "Community", then "My profile", then "View all my games", then the game and view stats.
Achievement
How to unlock
Air gunner
Kill 30 enemies using pneumatic weapons.
Cowboy
Kill 30 enemies using revolvers.
DJ Artyom
On the level "Outpost" reach the radio tower and broadcast the commander's message.
Demolitionist
Blow up the tunnel and airlock at "Cursed" station.
Enlightened
Find the truth.
Exorcist
Complete levels "Ghosts" and "Anomaly" without dying.
Explorer
There is no place in metro you did not visit
Fire in the hole
Kill 20 lurkers.
First blood
What doesn't kill you, makes you stronger.
Fugitive
Complete level "Armory" without getting caught.
Generous
Help the poor, a coin for the kid, medicine for the sick. You help everyone you see.
Heavy Metal
Kill 15 enemies using stationary machine gun.
Heavy Reader
Kill a librarian.
Hedge-hopper
On the level "Frontline" kill all of the enemy Red Army and Fascist Soldiers.
If it's hostile, you kill it.
Become a true ranger.
Inquisitor
Kill 2 demons.
Invisible man
Complete "Frontline" level without killing anyone.
Ka-Boom!
Explode 10 enemies.
Merciful
Complete the level "Black Station" without killing any Fascist Soldiers.
Metro Trader
Make 10 deals in weapon shops.
Metro dweller
A true metro citizen. You know everyone and have seen everything.
Ninja
Kill 10 enemies with throwing knives.
Nosalis hunter
Kill 30 nosalises.
Old school
Kill 30 enemies with the double-barreled shotgun.
Pathoanatomist
Kill 5 amoebas.
Pyro
Kill 5 enemies with a flamethrower.
Quick Draw
On the level "Hunter" kill the nosalises before they break through the ventilation grilles.
Quick-witted
Break the support and activate the chandelier in less than 20 seconds.
Raider
On the level "Depot" silently kill the first guard and break into the Fascist station unnoticed.
Ranger
Find all Ranger stashes in Dead City 1 and 2
Realist
A coin for a hungry kid? Get a job.
Rescue Ranger
Save a group of "Reds" from Fascist captivity.
Scrooge
Save 500 military grade rounds.
Sherlock
Found all gold ammo, hidden throughout the stations.
Slice & Dice
Kill 20 enemies with the knife.
Sniper
Make 25 headshots.
Soft Touch
Disarm 10 wire traps.
Tank Buster
Destroy fascists' Panzer.
Wheeler-Dealer
Exchange 500 Military Grade 5.45 rounds at Exchange kiosks.